Being paid less than the invoice, usually with a deduction you did not agree to.
Late delivery, a claimed damage, a missing document, an accessorial they decided not to honour. Sometimes fair, often not.
Fighting a shortpay is a documentation exercise. The rate confirmation, the signed bill of lading, the delivery timestamps and any photographs decide it.
Related
Inteleri works out what a load actually pays you once things like this land. See how it works.